segunda-feira, 25 de outubro de 2010

Creole Language

A creole language, or simply a creole, is a stable language that has originated from a pidgin language that has been nativized (that is, acquired by children). The vocabulary of a creole language consists of cognates from the parent languages, though there are often clear phonetic and semantic shifts. On the other hand, the grammar often has original features but may differ substantially from those of the parent languages. Most often, the vocabulary comes from the dominant group and the grammar from the subordinate group, where such stratification exists. For example, Jamaican Creole features largely English words superimposed on West African grammar.

http://www.blogger.com/goog_1360221327
http://www.blogger.com/goog_1360221327

This is a thesis about Creole Language
http://www.scss.tcd.ie/undergraduate/bacsll/bacsll_web/cfoy0607.pdf



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The Pacific



Literature in the Pacific ranges from storytelling to epic poetry and genealogies, oratory, songs, and drama. Literacy, introduced by missionaries in the Nineteenth Century, spread fairly quickly and many South Pacific languages were soon written.


In 1960, perhaps the first novel by South Pacific Island writers was published, Makutu, by the Cook Islanders Tom and Lydia Davis. The late 1960s and early 1970s saw the first works of a number of writers: short stories by Fiji’s Raymond Pillai and Subramani and Tonga’s Epeli Hau’ofa; poems by Konai Helu Thaman, of Tonga, and Fiji’s Pio Manoa (who also often writes in Fijian); and short stories, poems and, in 1973, the novel Sons for the Return Home, by the Samoan Albert Wendt, of all South Pacific writers perhaps the best known outside the region.

But it was the establishment of the two regional universities, the University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG) in 1966 and the University of the South Pacific (USP) in 1968, which provided a focus and a forum for writers and other artists and encouraged the development and publication of creative writing, through courses, workshops, regional conferences and the establishment of literary journals.

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Hawaiian Creole English (HCE)

Stephen Sumida was one of the first contributors to local literature on Asian American literature in Hawai'i. Another local literature writer is Darrell Lum. Bamboo Ridge Press published a handful of journals by Lum and Sumida about local literature and writings in Pidgin. Initially HCE was not seen as an academic or artistic expression. It was mostly seen in popular songs and comic entertainment. After World War II, local writers started to rely more on pidgin to convey their messages. HCE is also used in drama. The University of Hawai'i at Manoa has the only drama department that is dedicated to producing local plays. Early on in literature and dialogs used, the orthography used was in closer relation to Standard English. Slowly over time writers started using more phonetic spelled versions of the pidgin words and syntax of pidgin.




In recent years, writers from Hawai’i have written poems, short stories, and other works in Pidgin. This list included well-known Hawai’i authors such as Kent Bowman, James Grant Benton, Lois-Ann Yamanaka and Lee Tonouchi. A Pidgin translation of the New Testament (called Da Jesus Book) has also been created, as has an adaptation of William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, or What You Will, titled in Pidgin "Twelf' Night, or Whateva."
Several theater companies in Hawai’i produce plays written and performed in Pidgin. The most notable of these companies is Kumu Kahua Theater.



LEE TONOUCHI
A little of his biography:

Article:
Da Pidgin Guerrilla : Does the fate of Hawaiian Creole English lie in the hands of Lee Tonouchi?
COLLOQUIUM ON "CREOLE LITERATURE”




A PARADISE LOST: MAPPING CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE FROM HAWAI’I
By Claudia Rapp

‘This study is the first to situate contemporary literature from Hawai’i in a comprehensive framework of current theoretical background, comparative surveys (…), and Hawaii’s literary history. From a German or even a European perspective, it is the first Ph. D. dissertation to deal with Hawaii’s literary production at all. Its main thesis is that the literature resulting from the islands’ history, the pervasive outside representation, and the unique multicultural setup of the population is fundamentally a Local one, place-bound, ethnicity-aware, expressed in a variety of linguistic choices. Contemporary literature from Hawai’i is an exploration of Local identity, providing a multitude of answers to the question “What is a Hawaiian?”(…)’

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Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea



Tok Pisin is an English-lexicon pidgin/creole language spoken in Papua New Guinea. It is one of the three official languages of this nation with nearly 800 languages.




AN INFORMATIVE COMIC STRIP ON MALARIA






AVE, MARIA



Ave, Maria, yu pulap long grasia. Lord, i stap long yu. Ol i onaim yu moa long ol meri, na ol i onaim Jisas, Em Pikinini bilong bel bilong yu. Santu Maria, Mama bilong God, pre bilong helpim mipela manmeri bilong sin, nau na long taim milpela i dai. Amen.


http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/resources/flhm01.html#tokpisin
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Pijin in the Solomon Island



Pijin is also referred to as Kanaka and is a language spoken in the Solomon Islands. It is closely related to Tok Pisin of Papua New Guinea and Bislama of Vanuatu.
It had 24,390 speakers in 1999 (as first language).

English is the official language of the Solomons, but Pijin is spoken by about half the population. In the early 1900s, copra plantations were established. The labourers employed there had also worked in Queensland and FIJI, where they had used pidgin English. The local variety stabilized early and several religious missions adopted it for use, though it never gained the status of Tok Pisin or BISLAMA.


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Vanuatu


Bislama is a creole language, one of the official languages of Vanuatu. It is the first language of many of the "Urban ni-Vanuatu" (those who live in Port Vila and Luganville), and the second language of the rest of the country's residents.

The longest written work in Bislama is the recently completed Bible.


Luke 2:6-7:

"Tufala i stap yet long Betlehem, nao i kam kasem stret taem blong Meri i bonem pikinini. Nao hem i bonem fasbon pikinin blong hem we hem i boe. Hem i kavremap gud long kaliko, nao i putum hem i slip long wan bokis we oltaim ol man ol i stap putum gras long hem, blong ol anamol ol i kakae. Tufala i mekem olsem, from we long hotel, i no gat ples blong tufala i stap."


NATIONAL ANTHEM: YUMI, YUMI, YUMI
It was written and composed by François Vincent Ayssav (born 1955) and adopted in 1980.


BISLAMA WORDS
CHORUS:
Yumi, Yumi, yumi i glad long talem se
Yumi, yumi, yumi ol man blong Vanuatu
God i givim ples ya long yumi,
Yumi glat tumas long hem,
Yumi strong mo yumi fri long hem,
Yumi brata evriwan!
CHORUS
Plante fasin blong bifo i stap,
Plante fasin blong tedei,
Be yumi i olsem wan nomo,
Hemia fasin blong yumi!
CHORUS
Yumi save plante wok i stap,
Long ol aelan blong yumi,
God i helpem yumi evriwan,
Hem i papa blong yumi,
CHORUS
ENGLISH TRANSLATION
CHORUS:
We, (We, We) are happy to proclaim
We, (We, We) are the People of Vanuatu!
God has given us this land;
This gives us great cause for rejoicing.
We are strong, we are free in this land;
We are all brothers.
CHORUS
We have many traditions
And we are finding new ways.
Now we shall be one Person,
We shall be united for ever.
CHORUS
We know there is much work to be done
On all our islands.
God helps all of us,
He is our father,
CHORUS


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Australian Kriol

Kriol, an Australian Creole language developed out of contact between European settlers and the indigenous people in the northern regions of Australia, is presently spoken by 30,000 people across the Top End.


PRESS RELEASE:


Kriol is a relatively new Aboriginal language spoken by more than 15,000 Aborigines in the north of Australia mainly in pastoral districts from western Queensland to the coast of western Australia.

Although Kriol is widely spoken, its literal translation is minimal, with the exception of the Bible. This means that literacy rates of Kriol are quite low. Apart from practical implications of this, especially if English literacy is also low (i.e. written communication, education opportunities), it means that traditional stories are either not recorded in written form, or the Ngukurr people must rely on texts from Barunga, which may lessen the identity distinction between the two groups. However, Aboriginal cultures are not traditionally rooted in written records, so the lack of written versions of texts may be a function of the oral nature of Aboriginal storytelling.



THE FIRST BIBLE IN KRIOL – KRIOL BAIBUL

On May 5, 2007, the first complete edition of the Bible in the Kriol language was officially launched at Katherine in the Northern Territory. Translation took over 29 years, and was undertaken by a team of native Kriol speakers led by Rev. Canon Gumbuli Wurrumara and specialists from the Society for Australian Indigenous Languages. The Kriol Bible is the first complete edition of the Bible in any indigenous Australian language. The publication was a joint venture of The Bible Society, Lutheran Bible Translators, The Church Missionary Society, the Anglican Church, Wycliffe Bible Translators and the Australian Society of Indigenous Languages.







Children celebrating the dedication of the Kriol Baibul
http://www.kriol.info/launch_photos.php

For the first time, the old and new Testaments are now available to aboriginal people thanks to a dedicated group of people who have spent 27 years on the translations project.

The Kriol project stalled after the publication of the Kriol New Testament with 14 Old Testament books in 1991, but the Reverend Canon Gumbuli Wurrumara challenged indigenous Kriol speakers in 1993 to complete the project themselves.



KRIOL – MATHEW 1 - 3


http://www.kriol.info/MatthewKriol.pdf

http://www.kriol.info/LordsPrayerKriol.pdf

http://www.kriol.info/download.php


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